2023-09-20 15:14
今年4月,巴西总统卢拉访华期间提出过一个重要问题:“我每天晚上都会扪心自问,为什么所有国家间的贸易都要基于美元结算?”
这份质疑也被带到了南非,带到了金砖国家领导人的讨论桌上,增加本币结算规模成为了8月金砖国家领导人峰会的重要议题之一。
据今日俄罗斯电视台(RT)网站9日报道,俄罗斯外交部官员表示,俄方在与中国的贸易中已经“实际上完成去美元化”,美元在双方贸易中的使用份额已降至历史低点。
如果美元在国际货币体系中不再拥有霸主地位,新的国际货币体系会是什么样?“一带一路”建设在此间发挥了什么作用?美国官员不断地抹黑中国“一带一路”倡议,鼓吹“去风险化”,暴露美方何种战略困境?中美是否已经陷入了“新冷战”?
长安街知事(微信ID:Capitalnews)联合中国人民大学重阳金融研究院(微信公众号:人大重阳)推出“全球治理大家谈”栏目。加拿大曼尼托巴大学政治学教授拉迪卡·德赛就“去美元化”、“一带一路”倡议的影响及中美关系等与记者进行了分享。
美元体系的终结已经隐约可见
知事:美国最大的力量源于它拥有世界上最主要的储备货币,这给予美国巨大的购买力。但我们看到,包括美国国债在内的美国资产吸引力正在减弱,美元在全球央行国际储备中的占比已下降超过10个百分点。您认为美元体系正面临哪些方面的危机?为什么会出现这些危机?
拉迪卡·德赛: 整体而言,当我们谈论美元体系时,可以看到两种截然不同的学术观点。
第一种不断地假设美元体系是完全自然的,可以永远持续下去。实际上,整个学术界都在向全世界宣扬美元体系是多么出色,而我的研究结果并非如此。
第二种观点是去美元化,并指出美元面临的困难,特别是强调美元替代方案的崛起,例如各国央行之间的互换协议,国家之间以对方货币进行贸易的协议,新机构的崛起,比如中国在国际合作项目中创新金融支持,“一带一路”倡议中的丝路基金就是一个重要的例子。
在深入探究了对美元的溢美之词之后,我认为第一种观点完全是错误的,而第二种观点正确但不完整。要充分理解当代的去美元化现象,有必要考虑两个方面:
首先,替代方案的出现;其次,美元体系内部长期存在的矛盾。
你提到,美国长期以来一直是世界货币。但事实是,美国从未稳定地作为世界货币存在,这是问题的关键。你还强调了一个观点,这也是文献中反复出现的观点,即美国享有“超级特权”,可以随意借入本国货币并进行无限制的印钞。实际上,这并不是真实情况,可以从美国国债市场的疲软和弱化中得到证实。另一个很有趣的例子是,拜登总统上台时满怀希望地计划大举支出,以修复美国经济、改善医疗体系等。但实际上,他的支出计划相当有限。即便如此,他还不得不提高税收。如果美国可以毫不受限地借钱,为什么要提高税收呢?
要真正理解美元体系的发展,对其内在矛盾的理解至关重要。我认为这些矛盾源于对美元霸权的误解,即最有影响力或最强大国家的货币自然而然地成为世界货币。实际上,历史与这一观点相矛盾。回溯到20世纪初,美国统治精英曾试图将美元确立为世界主要货币,他们设想其类似于19世纪和20世纪初英镑的角色。然而,促成英镑全球地位的环境是特殊的,根植于英国广阔的帝国疆域以及从非移民殖民地获得的盈余。加拿大和新西兰等移民殖民地与非洲和英属印度等非移民殖民地之间的区别至关重要。在这段时期,非移民殖民地基本上在为移民殖民地的工业化付费,这就是英镑的运作方式,是英国能顾向世界提供流动性“资本输出”的原因。
然而,美国没有殖民地可以从中提取盈余,只能通过赤字发行美元并提供全球流动性。这些赤字一直是个问题。比利时经济学家罗伯特·特里芬在20世纪50年代末强调了这一困境:尽管赤字提供了全球流动性,但同时也削弱了美元的吸引力,施加了向下的压力,这就是著名的“特里芬困境”。这种情况导致美国不得不支付黄金,而不是美元。最终,到1971年,黄金一旦快要耗尽,美国就不得不打破美元与黄金之间的联系。
我在《地缘政治经济学》一书中论述过,在1971年之后,美国为了克服“特里芬困境”,解决赤字问题,降低了美元的价值,通过扩大以美元计价的金融活动以弥补赤字。毕竟人们有可能出于贸易和投资等原因不想要美元,但为了投机,他们仍然需要美元。在这场长达数十年的大型金融博弈中,美国不得不持续扩大以美元计价的金融活动。这种活动极为不稳定,不仅不利于美国的经济,减弱了其生产能力,对于其他国家来说也是一场灾难,因为这会导致定期的金融危机,1997年亚洲金融危机和2008年美国金融危机就是例子。
总之,美元体系目前的疲态可以追溯到美国在维持这场金融博弈方面能力的下降。随着博弈开始走向崩溃,美元体系的终结已经隐约可见。
知事:您刚才从历史的角度谈到了美元体系的内部矛盾,让我想到了美元的信任问题,它是维系美元作为全球储备货币的关键支柱。但是最近几十年来,这种信任已经开始弱化,美国金融体系正在被当作一种霸权主义的工具,用来扣押他国资产,俄罗斯、阿富汗和委内瑞拉都是例子。这对美元的信誉有什么影响?
拉迪卡·德赛: 你提到的正是人们近年来称之为美元体系的武器化。我想再次强调,美元体系始终是为了美国的利益而运行。世界之所以使用美元,是因为他们没有替代选择。早在1944年布雷顿森林会议上,美国基本上就拒绝了凯恩斯关于多边组织货币的建议。从那时起,美国一直致力于摧毁所有新兴的替代方案。然而,如今美国的能力已经减弱,这就是替代方案正在出现的原因。
现在,回到美元体系的武器化,你说得完全正确,近年来,美元体系被认为是美国政府采取的一项更大战略的一部分,旨在延缓美国的衰落和其经济的下滑。这种衰落冲击了美国在全球事务中施加影响的能力,反映了美国实力的下降和帝国主义的衰落。对此,美国利用各种手段改善局面,并惩罚那些挑战其主导地位的国家。正如你提到的,最近的情况包括从俄罗斯、阿富汗、委内瑞拉、伊朗等国家没收资产,这些国家在历史上也倍受美国苛待。
值得注意的是,这种行为引发了更高度的警觉,特别是在俄罗斯的案例中。作为联合国安理会常任理事会和重要的世界大国,也难逃被美国金融制裁并没收海外资产,让世界更加意识到美元武器化问题的严峻性。
另一个需要考虑的关键因素是,美元体系的支撑之一是许多国家保持资本账户开放。这是个让人头疼的错误决定,意味着这些国家的富人总可以拿他们的钱投资于美元体系,或者带去美国进行金融博弈,毕竟美元体系完全是一个投机体系。而中国对资本账户的管理表明,保持对资本流动的控制,可以在不依赖以美国为中心的金融体系的情况下,实现财富积累和国家实力的增长,即有效的资本账户管理对于发展和保留国内财富至关重要。如果更多国家采用这种方法,美元体系的基础将会进一步被侵蚀。
与此同时,中国及其他金砖国家已经开始商讨创建新的国际货币体系,金砖国家完全可以有一个独立的支付和金融体系,专注于生产和贸易。在美元体系内,第三世界国家经常面临金融危机、货币贬值和资本外逃的风险,而新体系将帮助它们更好地规避此类风险。
2022年12月21日,莫斯科一家货币兑换处,美元标志出现在一块黑板上。图源:视觉中国
知事:说起第三世界国家,近来美西方常常诬蔑中国在“一带一路”沿线制造“债务陷阱”。您如何看待发展中国家债务问题?导致这个问题愈发严重的罪魁祸首究竟是谁?
拉迪卡·德赛: 的确,西方国家与第三世界国家之间的金融关系一直充满着复杂性。
一方面,西方国家有意愿借钱给第三世界国家,主要是为了有机会收取高利息。此外,这些国家的金融机构拥有大量现金储备,必须寻找赚取利息的途径,也促使了这种放贷意愿,。因此,它们欢迎第三世界国家来借款,高喊着“快进来,从我们这儿借钱”。
另一方面,它们放出去的贷款远超对方可持续偿还的能力。西方国家贷款条件和目的都不是生产性的,低效率的投放意味着债务收回难度增加,这也是部分国家在西方体系下债务危机频发的原因,这要归咎于西方金融体系对偿还可行性的漠视。自1982年第三世界债务危机以来,这种漠视现象备受关注。从那时起,美国及其盟国基本上忽视了债务问题出现时债务人和债权人共同负有责任的基本原则。
在过去的十五年中,中国已经在全球金融领域中崭露头角。这使得中国成为重要的贷款国,引发了西方国家的反应,试图将他们策划的债务问题归咎于中国,这正是问题的关键。西方大国声称中国从事一种被称为“债务陷阱外交”的做法。事实上,历史上制造债务陷阱的正是西方国家。甚至在上世纪70年代,就有一本书题为《债务陷阱》强调了这种模式,西方国家经常会引诱第三世界国家陷入债务陷阱。
正如你所指出的,如果人们仔细审查中国的借贷数量和质量,就会发现中国债务在第三世界国家债务总额中所占的比例仍然相对较小。而且中国普遍将贷款用于生产目的,用于投资基础设施建设。而且面对偿还困难的国家,中国愿意进行债务重组。这与西方的做法形成了鲜明对比。
自20世纪80年代以来,西方对于陷入债务危机中的国家强制实施了苛刻的结构调整计划,强加的紧缩措施致使这些国家的人们越是努力工作,越是贫穷,经济发展陷入萎缩,失去了大量的发展机遇。这才是真正的债务陷阱。
知事:在美元体系之外,正在出现一系列替代方案。中国央行已经创造了一种数字货币,这将降低中国受到美国制裁的风险。沙特和巴西等国已经表示,将推进用人民币同中国进行贸易结算。您认为人民币国际化对国际社会有哪些意义,如何看待人民币国际化在过去几年中的进展和成就?
拉迪卡·德赛: 许多坚持认为美元体系永续的人,其主要观点就是目前并没有明显的替代货币。但如果我们认识到包括英镑体系在内的过往国际货币体系中的历史失衡,并承认美元体系本身存在缺陷,我们就会发现,去美元化并不一定需要出现明显的替代货币,它完全可以在新型国际货币体系框架中展开。
这是人民币国际化的更大背景。人民币正在国际化,且速度越来越快,这是好事。但人民币国际化的模式将与美元体系的国际化方式完全不同。
美元的国际化背后是投机和掠夺性的金融体系,这与中国和其他国家的可持续发展目标背道而驰。中国的领导层十分清楚发展的必要性,人民币的国际化将与发展目标保持一致,既对中国本身而言,也对参与合作发展计划(如“一带一路”倡议和亚洲基础设施投资银行)的国家而言。
为了贸易目的,中国肯定会继续推动人民币的国际化。但中国也在做其他事情,例如和多国签订货币互换协议等,这将打造出一个与以美元为中心的模式截然不同的国际金融体系。
我认为,如果中国政府追求一种类似于美元的人民币国际化方式,那么中国的发展将会受阻。因为中美两国的金融体系非常不同,中国的体系强调生产性投资,而不是投机性贷款,确保金融与生产紧密相连。为了维持这种银行与产业之间的共生结构,中国必须追求一条独特的人民币国际化之路。
无论如何,中国不希望追求美元的那种国际化方式,那是一种“统治”形式。中国不寻求霸权,将尽其所能地促进世界的多极化和共同发展。但中国难以独自做到这一点,世界上其他国家也必须培养能够推动本国发展的领导力,它们也需要为自己的发展负责,就像中国为自己的发展负责一样。
总之,人民币的国际化代表了货币国际化传统轨迹的一种转变。只要中国在很长一段时间内保持重要的国际地位,人民币就会是举足轻重的货币。最重要的是,人民币将发挥重要作用,而不寻求独家主导地位。
知事:如果美元不再是世界货币,那么世界货币会是什么?
拉迪卡·德赛: 这正是我想说的,世界上不会有单一的储备货币。人民币可能是其中最重要的一种,但各国将根据自己的贸易、投资和金融需求,保留一种储备货币组合。
西方国家的指责是“贼喊抓贼”
知事:您眼里的“一带一路”是一个什么样的倡议,总体印象如何?“一带一路”倡议对全球经济、地缘政治和国际合作带来了哪些影响?
拉迪卡·德赛: 我认为“一带一路”倡议是一项庞大的计划。通过丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路,中国可以触及整个世界。通过这个倡议,中国以优于西方的条件,与世界其他地区展开合作。
首先,“一带一路”倡议是中国支持自身发展的绝佳方式,也创造了一种持续蓬勃发展的模式。
其次,在全球经济方面,它有助于扩大全球经济,实现更高更好的增长。
第三,在地缘政治方面,它绝对是变革的前沿。随着西方国家的相对衰落,西方经济,特别是美国经济在全球经济中的份额减少,人们开始关注金砖国家等新兴力量。西方的衰落以及中国和其他新兴大国的崛起正在重塑地缘政治格局,中国处于这种变革的前沿。
最后,在国际治理方面,“一带一路”倡议正在为新型国际治理机制打下基础。人们通常认为布雷顿森林体系是一个伟大的体系,但他们往往忽视一个事实,即美国在设计中的干预,使其实质上成为一个偏向于美国和帝国主义国家的国际治理安排。
然而,现在的世界正接近一个新型国际治理体系的临界点,标志着向后帝国主义全球治理框架的转变,其基础建立在相互合作、互利互惠的原则上,而不是像世界银行、国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织等机构,依赖帝国权力和从属关系。
但联合国是例外。联合国在国际经济治理变革中发挥着重要作用。联合国宪章基于许多优秀的原则,但它们随着时间的推移而受到了侵蚀。我们应该回到联合国宪章的宗旨原则下,这在后帝国主义全球治理中将具有重要意义。
在过去的几十年里,美西方一直在将联合国机构与企业资金,特别是来自西方的企业资金相结合,结果往往会削弱联合国机构的基础。在我看来,联合国应该进行一次变革,回到最初的设想,朝着由成员国资助的方向发展。这将确保联合国初心和行动的一致性。在这点上,我预计中国将在建立后帝国主义全球治理体系方面发挥主导作用。
知事:您认为“一带一路”项目在国际上正面临哪些挑战?这些挑战的根源是什么?
拉迪卡·德赛: 这也是一个非常重要的问题,因为当今世界秩序中的不稳定根源,并不是中国或其他国家的崛起,而是西方对这种崛起的坚决抵制。中国和其他国家不应指望西方会很快改变立场。我预计西方可能会因多种因素的结合而发生变化,其中包括来自中国不断增强的影响力,以及世界越来越倾向于中国而不是美国的外部压力,这些压力将随着时间的推移而增加。这些国家的民众可能会意识到其国内治理和全球互动中固有的缺陷,意识到这两个方面都需要全面改革。
在山东威海港,“齐鲁号”中亚班列缓缓驶出。
知事:我们注意到,美国近年来推行一系列反华政策,欲针对中国挑起“新冷战”。在这种冷战思维与零和博弈思维下,美国把“一带一路”倡议视作中国以经济利益为诱饵进行意识形态扩张与地缘政治争夺。您如何看待美国这种“新冷战”政策?对全球政治和经济格局造成哪些影响?
拉迪卡·德赛: “新冷战”这个词大致可以追溯到特朗普总统任内。美国试图对中国发动的“新冷战”有以下特点:
在上世纪90年代,美国设想通过与中国建立更友好的关系,让中国继续扮演低成本劳动力驱动下生产廉价商品的从属角色。然而,随着新世纪的到来,特别是2008年金融危机后,人们逐渐意识到中国不会放弃其社会主义承诺,不会放弃发展经济的承诺,更不会放弃生产技术升级的承诺。在认识到这一点后,西方国家逐渐采取了更具对抗性的行为,试图挑起针对中国的“新冷战”。
美国及其盟友面临的问题是,这些举措并没有成功,包括欧洲在内的许多国家对美国的制裁及其治外法权表示不满,这些制裁阻碍了欧洲的对华贸易。
目前看来,欧洲领导人似乎会继续支持现状,但坦率地说,考虑到欧洲正承受的经济压力,我不确定这种情况是否能够长时间维持下去。尽管西方在鼓吹团结,但在这种所谓的团结中,其实蕴含着重大的不稳定。
总之,试图挑起针对中国的“新冷战”,注定无法达到其目标。虽然它确实会对中国构成挑战,但都是中国有能力应对的。另外,美西方的行动表明,他们所宣扬的“支持全球各国共同发展”的承诺实际上非常虚伪,一旦这个世界上出现像中国一样迅速发展的经济体,他们就会表现得歇斯底里。
知事:美国总统拜登明确表示不寻求“新冷战”,而另一边则玩着集团政治的游戏,鼓吹“民主对抗威权”的虚假叙事。您如何看待美国这种言行不一的做法?
拉迪卡·德赛: 这是一个非常有趣的问题,我们必须认识到美国已经经历了多大程度的衰退。美国国内日益加剧的不平等导致了深刻的社会和政治分歧。这些分歧导致了一种新的政治模式,它越来越关注美国内部问题,目的是为了赢得选举,而不是真正解决问题。政客们,无论是特朗普还是拜登,都利用这些问题来做大选的说辞,但其实他们什么也解决不了。
还记得在日本召开G7会议时,拜登总统不得不提前回国,因为他必须处理债务上限危机。美国两党之间的尖锐冲突,以及美国社会内部各阶层根深蒂固的分歧,源于美国国际地位的下降和国内不断加剧的不平等。
当初大家都希望拜登当选后,可以逆转特朗普政府的政策。但事与愿违,他采取了更加反华的立场,甚至还与俄罗斯掀起了新冲突,这点连特朗普都不敢做。原因非常简单:如果拜登不迎合当初导致特朗普上台的那些因素,他很难获得连任。为了当选,拜登在资金支出方面明显超过了特朗普。在即将到来的选举中,如果要与类似特朗普的候选人竞争,他将不得不再次大幅增加支出,并且必须比当初和特朗普竞争时花得更多。
总之,这种“新冷战”和类似政策根源于美国国内外发展的困境,它在短时间内不太可能发生变化。一个好的美国领导人,应该告诉美国人,美国需要专注于振兴其生产经济,退出对外国冲突的参与,促进国内更大的平等,致力于解决问题的根源,而不是告诉那些正在受苦的人,问题的根源是中国,我们必须对中国发动攻击。
知事:近期,美国政府频繁使用“去风险”的论调,让欧洲也拒绝向中国提供关键技术。您如何看待“去风险化”这个词?
拉迪卡·德赛: 这无疑是“新冷战”的一种反映,突显了问题的性质。在过去的二三十年,美国的经济已经很大程度地依赖中国。然而,随着中国技术的进步,以硅谷为代表的部分势力产生了危机感,主张针对中国展开一种新形式的全球竞争。而另一些人则说,不,我们为什么要这样做?我们负担不起风险和成本。因此,美国精英阶层内部在涉及中国的政策问题上其实有相当大的分歧和不确定性。这种不确定性也延伸到了美国的盟友中,欧洲人和日本人希望继续与中国进行贸易,他们不想要一场“新冷战”。
很显然,一些人曾经谈论过尝试与中国“脱钩”,然后发现这不明智、不可行,与中国“脱钩”将给美国带来灾难。尽管中美经济关系有所松动,但完全“脱钩”将对美国产生严重的负面影响。
退而求其次,他们又发明了“去风险”一词作为替代,一边试图挑起“新冷战”,一边应对由此带来的不可避免的经济动荡。但坦率地说,欧洲领导人,甚至拜登本人,未必真正理解“去风险”这个词的全部含义。他们其实是在黑暗中摸索,处于进退两难的境地。
知事:您觉得中美应该如何避免“新冷战”?
拉迪卡·德赛: 目前,中国所做的一切都是为了避免两国陷入“新冷战”的漩涡。比如,中国高规格接待了来访的美国国务卿布林肯,也欢迎美国其他高官来访。中国知道自己在做什么,也做得很好。重要的是要向世界证明,中国已经尽力修复两国关系,中美两国拥有广泛的共同利益,没有理由拒绝合作共赢。
问题在于,美国似乎对这样的关系不感兴趣。美国希望建立一个能够单方面获益的关系,想要鱼与熊掌兼得,这是不可能的。就像一个孩子想要同时吃饭和睡觉,做不到就开始哭闹。这就是我们所看到的美国在愤怒中的反应——一次又一次地发脾气。
以下为采访原文:
The Radhika Desai Interview: What Happens If the U.S. Dollar Crashes
As the 15th summit of BRICS leaders concluded in Johannesburg, South Africa, the topic of "de-dollarization" has become a hot subject of discussion.
During his visit to China in April of this year, Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva attended the inauguration ceremony of the President of the New Development Bank of BRICS.
At that time, he said, "Every night I ask myself why all countries have to base their trade on the dollar. Why can't we do trade based on our own currencies?"
This skepticism was brought to South Africa and discussed among the BRICS leaders, making the expansion of currency settlements in local currencies one of the topics of this BRICS summit.
If the U.S. dollar no longer holds its dominant position in the international monetary system, what would the new international monetary system look like? What role does the "Belt and Road Initiative" play in it? US officials continuously criticize China's Belt and Road Initiative and advocate for "de-risking," revealing what strategic dilemma on the part of the US? Have China and the US already entered a "new Cold War"?
Capital News, in collaboration with RDCY, has launched the "Global Governance Forum" section. Radhika Desai, a professor of political science at the University of Manitoba in Canada, shared her views with us on topics such as "de-dollarization," the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative, and China-US relations.
THE DE-DOLLARIZATION
Capital News: The United States' greatest power comes from having the world's leading reserve currency, which gives the US enormous buying power because it gives it the ability to print the world's money and have it widely accepted abroad and to control who gets it. But we can see that US assets, including US treasuries, are becoming less attractive. In your opinion, what aspects of crisis is the current US dollar system facing today? And what drives de-dollarization?
Radhika Desai: On the whole, what we have in discussions of the dollar system are two opposed shools. One set of discourses and scholarly literature continually assumes that the dollar system is completely natural, that it can go on forever. There's basically an entire academic industry telling the whole world that the dollar system is fantastic. In contrast, my own work has actually looked underneath these discourses and discovered a very different reality.
Second school consists of the literature that looks at de-dollarization. It points to this or that difficulty that the dollar has. In particular, it is pointing to the rise of alternatives, for example, swap agreements between central banks, agreements between countries to trade in one and others currencies, the rise of new institutions, the rise of a new sources of finance, particularly from China, of which course the Belt and Road Initiative is such an important part.
So these two sets of literature stand apart. Unfortunately, the first is completely wrong, while the second is right but it is not complete. To fully comprehend the contemporary interest in de-dollarization, it is necessary to consider two aspects:
Firstly, the emergence of alternative arrangements. Secondly, the longstanding internal contradictions within the dollar system.
In your question, you asked about a couple of different things. First, you said that the United States dollar has been the world's currency for a very long time, etc. But the fact of the matter is that the United States has never served as of the world currency in a stable fashion. This is the key. Once we understand this key fact, it begins to unlock why de-dollarization is happening. This process is driven, on one hand, by the emergence of alternatives and, on the other hand, by the inherent contradictions within the dollar system.
You also highlighted another point: the idea, often echoed in literature, that the United States enjoys the "exorbitant privilege" of borrowing in its currency and of unrestricted money printing. And these days we even have modern monetary theory that has come along and said either that any country can print as much money as it likes, or they say at least the United States can do so. But in reality, this has never been true. This is evidenced by the weakening and softening of the treasury market. It is a really good example. Another really interesting example of how this ‘exhorbitant privilege’ does not really exist. President Biden came to power riding on a wave of enormous hope that he was going to engage in a lot of spending in order to fix the U.S. economy, fix the health system, everything. But in reality, his spending programs have been quite modest. And even with that modest spending program, he has had to raise taxes. Now, if the United States could borrow with impunity, why would he raise taxes? He certainly did not want to.
And then another point I will make is that recently the United States had the cliffhanger moment when it looked as though the Republicans were not going to agree to lift the debt ceiling. But in the end, they did lift the debt ceiling and everybody thought that a major crisis was averted. But actually, what people don't realize is that now the United States is going to borrow even more money, almost $1 trillion more, before the year’s end. And this is going to create new burdens on the already overloaded treasury market. Remember the first many months of the year, the government was not issuing any new debt because the debt ceiling had not been raised and even then the treasury market was weak. Now it's going to issue even more that.
So what's the treasury market going to do now?To truly grasp the developments within the dollar system, an understanding of its internal contradictions is paramount. I would say that these contradictions begin from the misconception, prevalent in literature on U.S. dollar hegemony, that it is entirely natural for the currency of the most influential or powerful nation to serve as the world's currency. In reality, history contradicts this notion. Dating back to the early 20th century, U.S. ruling elites have aspired to establish the dollar as the world's primary currency. They envisage a role akin to the pound sterling's during the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, the circumstances that facilitated sterling's global role were exceptional, rooted in Britain's extensive empire and the surpluses derived from its non-settler colonies.
This distinction between settler colonies like Canada and New Zealand and non-settler colonies like Africa and British India is crucial. The non-settler colonies were essentially paying in this period for the industrialization of the settler colony. This is the way sterling worked. The famous ‘capital exports’ through which Britain supplied the world with liquidity were possible only thank to the surpluses extracted from the non-settler colonies which were exported primarily to the settler colonies and to Europe.
The U.S., lacking colonies from which to extract surpluses, could only issue dollars and provide global liquidity by running deficits. Yet, these deficits have always been a problem. Belgian economist Robert Triffin highlighted this predicament in the late 1950s: while deficits provide global liquidity, they simultaneously undermine the dollar's attractiveness, applying downward pressure. This was the famous ‘Triffin Dilemma’ So, this situation already forced the U.S. essentially to pay out gold instead of dollars. Eventually by 1971, once the gold was exhausted, it had to break the link between the dollar and gold.
My work, notably my book "Geopolitical Economy," underscores that post-1971, in order to overcome the Triffin Dilemma in which the fact that the United States is spending more abroad than it is earning lowers the value of the dollar, what they have done is they have essentially expanded dollar-denominated financial activity in order to overcome the dilemma. Because although for trade and productive and investment reasons, people may not want the dollar, they may still want the dollar for speculative reasons and predatory reasons.
This big financial casino that the United States has opened and operated since the 1970s has required the United States to constantly expand dollar-denominated financial activity, which is extremely volatile. It has been bad for the U.S. Economy. It has made the U.S. economy productively weaker and it has been a disaster for the rest of the world because it leads to regular financial crisis. The East Asian financial crisis and the 2008 financial crisis stand as examples of these repercussions ingrained in the dollar's operation.
Ultimately, the current unraveling of the dollar system can be traced to the U.S.'s diminishing capacity to sustain this financial casino. As this casino begins to falter, the demise of the dollar system looms on the horizon.
Capital News: You just said about the internal contradiction from a history perspective, which reminds me of the trust problem. The world has been happy to use the US dollar as the global reserve currency because they trusted the US government to make the right decisions on the US dollar that would take into consideration the economic interests not only of American people but also of the remaining 7 billion people outside America who also rely on the US dollar to fund their international transactions. This trust is a key pillar of the resilience of the US dollar as a global reserve currency. But in recent decades, this trust has begun to erode because America has occasionally used the privilege of having the global reserve currency as a weapon against other countries. Examples include Russia, and Afghanistan, whose reserves had been sequestered essentially been stolen. How does this affect the credibility of the US dollar?
Radhika Desai: What's you talking about is what's recently come to be known as the weaponization of the dollar system. Again, I think it's important to underline that the dollar system has always run for the benefit of the United States. And the idea that somehow the world was happy to use the dollar has always been an idea again pedaled by the academics, scholars who are constantly talking about how the dollar system is completely natural and good and how the United States is providing a public service to the rest of the world.
However, as I have outlined, the dollar has never maintained a stable role as the world's primary currency. The only reason the world was using the dollar was because they had no alternative. The United States essentially rejected Keynes’s proposals for a multilaterally organized currency back in 1944 at Bretton Woods. Since then, it has always worked to try to ensure that any alternative that emerges is destroyed or not accepted or that it doesn't work. Today, however, U.S.'s ability to do that has decreased. That's why alternatives are emerging already.
Now, coming back to the weaponization of the dollar system. You're absolutely right. The dollar system has been recognized in recent years as a part of a larger strategy of the U.S. administration to counter or compensate for the decline of the U.S. and the decline of its economy. This decline has ramifications for the U.S.'s capacity to exert influence on global affairs, reflecting a decline in U.S. power and imperialism.
In response, the U.S. has employed various means at its disposal to mitigate these effects and to penalize nations that challenge its dominance. As you mentioned, recent instances involve the seizure of reserves from Russia, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Iran, and other nations that have historically faced unfavorable treatment from the United States.
Significantly, this behavior has prompted heightened awareness in the world as a whole about these US practices, particularly regarding Russia's experience. Russia's status as a permanent member of the Security Council and a major global power underscores the gravity of these actions. This realization is compounded by the emergence of alternatives, largely facilitated by China's prominent role and the availability of financial resources. Consequently, the dollar system is undergoing transformation.
Another crucial aspect to consider is the pivotal role played by countries that maintain an open capital account, enabling wealthy individuals within those countries to funnel their resources into the dollar-based system.
Conversely, China's management of its capital account has shown that maintaining control over capital flows can lead to wealth accumulation and national power without relying on the U.S.-centered financial arena.
This growing realization aligns with the perspective that effective capital account management is essential for development and for retaining domestic wealth within the country and investing it there. Should more nations adopt this approach, the foundations of the dollar system would be further eroded. Meanwhile, alternative systems, exemplified by China and its BRICS counterparts, emphasize production and trade rather than speculative finance, offering a distinct model for payments and financial interactions.
In conclusion, the emergence of a new system, with a focus on stability and production, represents a positive development. The historical issues faced by developing nations under the dollar system, such as financial crises, currency devaluation, and capital flight, could be mitigated in this evolving landscape.
Capital News: What you just said about the third world countries reminded me of the “debt trap” accusation. U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said that the U.S. is working hard to counter China's influence in international institutions and in leading to developing countries, and that by lending to developing countries, China leaves them trapped in debt. However, according to World Bank statistics, multilateral financial institutions and commercial creditors account for more than 80 percent of the sovereign debt of developing countries. Since last year, the US has launched unprecedented massive interest rate hikes, making the debt problems of certain countries even worse. How do you view the issue of debt in developing countries? Who is the main culprit behind the exacerbation of this problem?
Radhika Desai: Certainly, the financial relationship between Western countries and third world nations has been fraught with complexities.
On one hand, Western nations exhibit a desire to lend to third world countries, primarily motivated by the opportunity to levy high interest rates. Moreover, this desire to lend is also prompted by the substantial cash reserves their financial institutions have. When financial institutions hold significant cash reserves, they must seek avenues to earn interest on these reserves. So, they must loan this money out. They say come on and borrow money from us. The dominant narrative is one of first world doing third world countries a favour and making capital available to them when, in reality, first world financial institutions are desperate to lend. Inevitbaly, this need to lend has resulted in lending volumes far surpassing sustainable repayment capacities of the borrower countries. This discrepancy is further compounded by the fact that the loans are often extended for non-productive purposes or under terms that do not facilitate effective repayment. Unlike loans directed towards productive ventures that generate revenue, Western loans frequently lack such foresight, culminating in an inability to repay the debt. This phenomenon has recurrently engendered debt crises, attributable to the Western financial framework's disregard for the viability of repayment and ultimately for long-term productive investment.
This disregard has become particularly problematic since the 1982 third world debt crisis. Since then, the U.S. and its allied countries have largely ignored the fundamental principle that both debtor and creditor are jointly responsible when debt repayment issues arise. Resolution necessitates shared efforts to alleviate the situation, share the pain and formulate a feasible repayment strategy. However, this mutual responsibility has been eclipsed by the Western approach. Anyway, this is the problematic nature of the western financial system.
China has emerged as a prominent player in the global financial landscape over the past decade and a half. This emergence has positioned China as a substantial lender, eliciting reactions from Western nations that seek to attribute the debt-related predicaments that they have orchestrated to China. This is the crux of the matter. Western powers claim that China engages in a practice known as "debt trap diplomacy." In truth, the nations that have historically woven a debt trap are, indeed, the Western ones. Even in the 1970s, there was a book titled "The Debt Trap" underscoring this pattern. Western nations have habitually enticed poor countries into debt traps.
As you rightly point out, if one scrutinizes both the quantity and the quality of Chinese lending, it remains a relatively minor fraction of the overall debt burden carried by third world nations in terms of sheer quantity.
Qualitatively, moreover, China’s credit is much better. China's lending practices are generally oriented towards productive and infrastructure-centric endeavors. Furthermore, China demonstrates a willingness to engage in debt renegotiations in the face of repayment difficulties. This contrasts starkly with Western practices, where harsh structural adjustment programs have been imposed on countries undergoing debt crises, particularly from the 1980s onward. The effect is to make these countries work harder and become poorer at the same time, compounding the repayment difficulties while making cheap goods from these countries available for the West. The austerity measures imposed during the third world debt crisis subjected many nations to severe consequences, effectively leading to lost two decades of development during the 1980s, even extending into the 1990s.
The outcome of these programs was economic contraction in numerous countries, resulting in negative growth rates year after year. These imposed terms and conditions epitomize the true concept of a "debt trap." The notion of a so called “Chinese-led debt trap” lacks substantial evidence, as far as my understanding goes.
Capital News: We can observe that as the internal contradictions are mounting within the dollar system. Outside there are a series of alternatives and possibilities that are emerging. Countries being hurt by U.S. sanctions are developing ways to get around them or undermine the U.S.’s power to impose them. China’s central bank has created a digital currency, which will make China less exposed to U.S. sanctions. Countries like Saudi Arabia and Brazil have indicated their willingness to promote trade settlement with China using the China’s RMB instead of dollars. What do you think about the benefits of the internationalization of the RMB? How do you view the progress and achievements of the internationalization of the RMB in recent years?
Radhika Desai: Let me answer this question by giving a bit of background. There are many misunderstandings to clear up.
First of all, many proponents of the durability of the dollar system often argue that there is no clear successor currency in sight. The Renminbi is not, they say, a potential successor, because China lacks the capacity or willingness to internationalize the Renminbi fully.
It is important to understand exactly what is wrong with this perspective. To respond to this by saying that the Renminbe can and should be internatioalised would be to misunderstand the issue.
If we take into account the historical imbalances that resulted when the currency of one country tried to be the currency of the world. We know the imbalances and shortcomings of the dollar system. And even the sterling system had huge problems even though the vast British empire underpinned it. . If we consider these limitations of national currencies posing as world currencies, we come to realize that de-dollarization doesn't mean the emergence of a direct successor, another national currency posing as the world’s currency. If the limitations of the past are to be overcome, de-dollarization must unfold in a way as to create a transformed international monetary framework altogether.
I just want to put that out because that forms the larger context in which I want to discuss Renminbi internationalization. So having said this, I'm not saying that the Renminbi is not being internationalized or will not be internationalized or that the internationalization of the Renminbi will not proceed further. I think all these things are true and they will happen and they are happening. So that's good.
However, the pattern of internationalization of the Renminbi will be, must be, completely different from the way in which the dollar system has been internationalized. The dollar's internationalization has involved expanding a speculative and predatory financial system in ways that have not just impoverished the rest of the world but also deindustrialized the US economy itself. Such internationalization would run counter to the sustainable and broad-based development objectives of China and other nations.
China's leadership is acutely aware of the imperative for development. So, in that sense, I think the internationalization of the Renminbi is expected to align with development goals, both for China itself and for countries involved in cooperative developmental initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, etc. This already means that its internationalization will take a very different form.
For trade purposes, China will certainly promote the international use of the Renminbi to facilitate trade transactions with its partners. But China is also doing other things, for example, accepting other countries’ currencies and so on. This will foster a markedly different international financial system, distinct from the dollar-centric model.
And I would say that if the Chinese government were to pursue a type of internationalization of the Renminbi which mimics that of the dollar, China's development will rapidly deteriorate. It will rapidly go into reverse. Because China has and needs to maintain a financial system which is very different from the U.S. financial system. That is the backbone of its spectacular development so far. China's system emphasizes productive investment rather than speculative lending, ensuring that finance remains closely tied to production. To maintain this structure and the symbiotic relationship between banks and industries, China must pursue a unique path of Renminbi internationalization.
In any case, China does not want internationalization of the sorr the dollar has pursued. It is a form of dominance. China has always said that we are not looking for hegemony, we want to have a multipolar world, we want to have a world in which there is a lot of development.
China will undoubtedly do what it can to facilitate this, but it cannot so it on its own. Other countries in the world also have to cultivate the sort of leadership that drives development within their borders, they too need to take responsibility for their own development, much as China has taken responsibility for its own development.
In conclusion, the internationalization of the Renminbi will take a form that represents a departure from the trajectory of currency internationalization that sterling and the dollar have pursued so far. As long as China remains the most important country for a very long time, the Renminbi will be a very important currency. Perhaps the most important but not the only one. The Renminbi will play significant roles without seeking exclusive dominance.
Capital News: If the U.S. dollar is no longer the world’s NO.1 currency, what would be the NO.1 global currency?
Radhika Desai: That's exactly what I'm trying to say: there will not be a single reserve currency in the world. The Renminbi may be, likely will be, the most important of them, but countries will keep a portfolio of reserve currencies depending on their trading, investment and financial needs.
THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE
Capital News: What’s your impression of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)? What impact has the Belt and Road Initiative had on the global economy, geopolitics, and international cooperation?
Radhika Desai: I think that the Belt and Road Initiative is massive. With theSilk RoadEconomic Belt and the21st Century Maritime Silk Road, China can reach out to the entire world. Through that, it is engaging the rest of the world on terms that are both quantitative and qualitatively superior to what the west has to offer.
First of all, let me say that China's Belt and Road Initiative is an excellent way for China, on the one hand, to support its own development, but also to create the sort of development world-wide within which China as a very leading economy can continue to thrive.
Secondly, on the global economy, it has certainly aided in expanding the global economy, producing higher and better growth, etc.
Thirdly, it is the cutting edge of the change in geopolitics. I mean this in the sense that if you think about what defines the geopolitical economy of the world, on one hand, there is a relative decline of the West—not absolutely, of course, but in relative terms. The weight of Western economies, particularly the U.S. economy, in the global economy is diminishing while that of the BRICS is rising. But both China’s economic performance and China's initiatives like the BRI are vastly superior to that of the other BRICS country. The decline of the West and the ascent of China and other emerging powers reshape the geopolitical landscape, positioning China at the forefront of this change.
And then, finally, you were talking about international governance. I would say that the BRI is laying the foundation for the qualitatively new institutions of international governance we need. If you think about it, people often regard the Bretton Woods system as a great one, but they tend to overlook the fact that U.S. intervention in the design ensured that it essentially became a set of international governance arrangements weighted in favor of the United States and imperial countries in general.
So, what we are witnessing now is the world approaching the cusp of a new type of international governance system. This system will mark a shift towards a post-imperial international governance framework, with foundations built on principles like mutual cooperation for mutual benefit, rather than relying on imperial power and subordination, as has been the case with institutions such as the World Bank, the IMF, and the WTO, particularly. The United Nations stands apart in this context, and I believe it plays a role in these changes to international economic governance.
I'm not surprised at all by the insistence of countries like China and many others on revisiting the original goals of the UN charter. The UN charter is based on all excellent principles. However, these principles have suffered erosion over time. So, these countries are saying we should restore the original UN charter and go back to those principles. This effort can only yield positive outcomes and will be significant in the context of post-imperial international governance structures.
And I also feel that another crucial aspect to consider is that, over the course of the past several decades, the US and Western countries have forefront in aligning UN institutions with corporate funding, especially from Western corporations. Unfortunately, this trend has had a tendency to weaken the foundations of the United Nations' institutions. In my opinion, a shift should occur, moving towards funding the UN system by its member countries, as originally intended. This approach would ensure that the purposes and projects of the United Nations remain aligned with their original intent. In that sense, I anticipate that China will assume a leading role in establishing a post-imperial system of global governance.
Capital News: In your opinion, what challenges does the BRI face internationally? What are the roots of these challenges?
Radhika Desai: This is also a very important question because the key source of instability in the world order today is not the emergence of China or other countries. Rather, it stems from the West's determined efforts to resist this emergence. Unfortunately, while China and the rest of the world, are diligently striving to empower others to take on better roles and encouraging positive behavior change, they shouldn't depend on the West changing its stance any time soon. I anticipate that the West will probably evolve due to a combination of factors, including external pressure from China's growing role and the world's increasing preference for China over the United States. These pressures will mount over time. As this transformation unfolds, people within these countries will likely recognize the inherent flaws in their domestic governance and in their global interactions. Both aspects will require comprehensive reform.
For instance, consider the current U.S. scenario where Professor Cornel West is running for the presidency, potentially as a Green Party candidate. While Professor West may not have high chances of winning, his candidacy and the issues he's addressing—such as the domestic U.S. economy, U.S. global relations, and ending the wars that the United States keeps engaging in—are crucial.
The United States is undoubtedly grappling with deep-seated challenges. The upcoming election offers a valuable opportunity to reshape the discourse within the U.S., and Professor West could play a significant role in effecting this change. Such efforts could potentially diminish the obstacles impeding the emergence of a post-imperial international governance system. However, only time will tell if these expectations materialize."
Capital News: We have noticed that the United States has implemented a series of anti-China policies in recent years, aiming to provoke a “new Cold War” against China. Under this mindset of Cold War and Zero-sum game, the United States views the Belt and Road Initiative as China’s ideological expansion and geopolitical competition, using economic interests as bait. How do you view this “new Cold War” policy? What impact does it have on the global political and economic landscape?
Radhika Desai: First of all, let's address the 'new Cold War,' which can be roughly dated back to the Trump presidency. Although changes were underway before that, like Obama's 'Pivot to Asia' and other factors, the 'new Cold War' against China is best understood as follows:
In the 80s and 90s, particularly in the 90s, the United States imagined that by fostering friendlier relations with China, it could maintain China's role as a subordinate producer of inexpensive goods, driven by low-cost labor. This was the vision of the West. However, as the mid-2000s arrived and especially after the 2008 financial crisis, it became evident that China was not going to give up its commitment to socialism, its commitment to developing its own economy, its commitment to technologically upgrading its productive economy and so on. Realizing this, Western nations progressively adopted more adversarial behaviors, giving rise to the 'new Cold War' against China.
It's worth noting that the proxy war against Russia is an integral part of the broader strategy to isolate and weaken China. The proxy war and the 'new Cold War' serve a common purpose.
The problem for the United States and its allies is that this is not succeeding. Even at the outset of the 'new Cold War,' many countries, including Europe and Japan, expressed discontent with U.S. sanctions and their extraterritorial impact, hindering European trade with China.
So, people were discontented with various aspects of the ongoing conflicts, including the proxy war involving Russia and the imposition of sanctions on Russia. The extraterritorial nature of these sanctions has only intensified the existing conflicts.
What is becoming very clear as is that this “new Cold War”, which is largely at the moment, as far as China is concerned, confined to sanctions, is that it is boomeranging. It is not achieving its intended goals. Instead, it's making the situation more difficult for the United States itself and particularly for its allies.
Indeed, many people are saying that considering the impact of this situation on Europe's economy and the way it is being adversely affected, one could even argue that more than just a proxy war against Russia, the current conflict over Ukraine is, in fact, a United States war against Europe, aimed at destroying Europe's productive economy.
In this context, at the moment, it looks as the European leaders that are in office at the moment are going along with it. However, to be candid, considering the economic toll Europe is enduring – which impacts both European capitalists and ordinary citizens – I am uncertain whether this situation can be sustained for an extended period. Despite all the discourse about Western unity and the like, I anticipate significant destabilizing developments within this supposed unity of the Western bloc.
In summary, the "new Cold War" against China is destined to fall short of its goals. While it will indeed pose challenges for China, they will be manageable ones. China will confront these challenges and remain resilient. The approach might lead China to adopt a more amicable stance. If the United States were not pursuing this course, it might choose a more accommodating approach. The actions of the United States and Western nations suggest that their declarations are not entirely genuine. They frequently express their commitment to global development, yet as soon as one part of the world begins developing like China, they react with hysteria. It shows you that their professed commitment to development is nothing but hypocrisy.
We might hope for a more constructive approach from the Western world. Even if such an approach is not forthcoming, it's important to recognize that China is well-equipped to handle any challenges. In my assessment, the only scenarios capable of significantly disrupting this course are those involving nuclear conflict or similar extreme circumstances – although such scenarios are far from being part of the agenda, and it's our hope that they remain so.
Capital News: We see that Biden pledged that the U.S. Does not seek a new Cold War, but he has never stopped playing the game of group politics and touting the false narrative of “democracy versus autocracy”. What do you think of the inconsistency between U.S. words and actions?
Radhika Desai: This is a really interesting question and one must recognize the extent to which the United States has experienced decline. The increasing inequality within the United States has given rise to profound social and political divisions in the U.S. These divisions have given rise to a new politics that are increasingly focused on these internal issues in order to secure electoral victories, but not in order to actually resolve them. Politicians, both Trump and Biden and their like, exploit these issues to get elected, but they resolve nothing.
You will remember that around the time when there was G7 meeting in Japan, President Biden had to go home early because he had to manage the debt ceiling crisis. The acrimony between Democrats and Republicans, as well as the deep-seated divisions within the United States, stem from the nation's declining status and the escalating inequalities brought about by financialization and related factors.
The reason I bring this up is that everybody hoped when President Biden was elected that he would herald a reversal of the policies introduced during the Trump era. But instead of these policies, in fact, he has taken an even more anti-China stance and he has even initiated a new conflict with Russia, something that even Trump refrained from doing. The reason is very simple: If President Biden does not cater to the same factors that led to Trump's policies, he stands little chance of getting re-elected. And we already know that, in order to get elected, President Biden significantly outspent Trump. And in the coming elections, he's going to have to do that again and do it in the outspent Trump even more, if he contends with a candidate similar to Trump.
In conclusion, I would say that the reason why we are seeing this continuation of new cold war and similar policies, is because within the U.S context, you have to realize that a lot of people are grappling with hardship. And what Trump has done is he has started a way of dealing with it not by dealing with the root causes of the suffering, which is the United States’ productive decline. A good leadership of the U.S. could say that what the U.S needs to do is to focus on reviving its productive economy, withdraw from involvement in foreign conflicts, and fostering greater equality within the country, etc. Actual sources of these issues need to be addressed, but instead US politicians are saying to people who are suffering that the real cause of your problem is China and we are going to attack China.
Hence, the foundation of the anti-China policy appears rooted in U.S. domestic politics. From my perspective, it seems unlikely to change in the near future.
Capital News: Recently, U.S. government frequently embraces “de-risking” to get Europe on board with measures to deny key technology to China. What do you think of the term “de-risking” and is this term a reflection of the U.S. new Cold War policy?
Radhika Desai: It is definitely a reflection of the new cold war, highlighting the problematic nature of conducting this Cold War for the United States in general, and for the Western countries, particularly the United States and the broader Western nations.
So, what do I mean by that? First and foremost, the conduct of this new cold war poses several challenges for the United States for several reasons.
Firstly, the U.S. economy, over the last couple of decades, two or three decades, has become very reliant on the Chinese economy. U.S. corporations have become significantly dependent on China's economic ties. As a consequence, segments within the U.S. ruling and capitalist classes that feel threatened by China's technological progress, particularly those in Silicon Valley. Some advocate for engaging in a new form of global competition centered around China, while others were saying, no, why are we doing this? We cannot afford to do this due to the potential risks and costs involved. This creates substantial ambiguity within the U.S. elites regarding their stance on a new Cold War involving China.
It's crucial to remember that this deep ambiguity also extends to the Western alliance. The Europeans and the Japanese want to continue to be able to trade and do business with China. They don't want a new cold war, etc.
Clearly what some people were once talking about which is “decoupling” from China. Decoupling from China will be a disaster for the United States. Even though US-China economic relationships have been loosening up a little bit, a complete decoupling would have severe negative repercussions for the United States.
In response, instead of decoupling, they are now using the term “de-risking” as an alternative approach. So that how will they somehow manage on the one hand to wager new cold war and on the other hand to deal with the inevitable economic dislocations that it will bring in its strain. So, the word de-risking is being used in this context.
But, quite frankly, it's unclear whether European leaders, like the one using this term, or President Biden truly understand the full implications of 'de-risking.' They appear to be groping in the dark, as they find themselves caught between the need for China's economic contributions and the concerns posed by it.
Capital News: How do you think China and the US should avoid a new Cold War?
Radhika Desai: China is doing everything in its power to avoid the new cold war. The Chinese leadership can and should continue doing what it's doing. I think they seem to be handling the situation skillfully. It's important to demonstrate to the world that the China is bending over backwards to repair this relationship as indeed they are. There is no reason why should not the U.S. and China benefit from a mutually beneficial relationship.
The problem lies in the fact that the United States seems uninterested in such a relationship. Rather, the United States wants a relationship in which it extracts one-sided benefits, which is no longer a viable option.
And since that is not available to it, the United States finds itself in a dilemma where it can't decide whether to continue to relate to China and be as close economically to China as it has been. Remember back in the 2000s people even was talking about “Chimerica”. That is how deeply integrated the U.S. became dependent on China, not so vice versa China was never as dependent on the U.S.
Anyway, U.S. seems to want to have its cake and eat it too, but of course it cannot. It's like the child who wants to eat and sleep at the same time. It can't do that. And so it's going to cry. That's what we are seeing. The United States is reacting with frustration – throwing tantrum after tantrum.